Scientists from the Plant Sciences Group of Wageningen UR in the Netherlands and the Brazilian research organisation Embrapa have developed a rapid DNA diagnostic to test banana plants for the much-feared cause of the Panama disease.
Photo: Healthy banana plant (left) and infected banana plant (right)
Published in the magazine Plant Pathology, the method only requires a day to detect and identify the presence of Tropical Race 4, the most devastating strain of the Fusarium fungus that causes Panama disease in banana plantations. The time savings offered by the new method can be used to implement efficient monitoring strategies, and thereby the threat to the cultivation of bananas, which is an economically vital crop that serves as a major food source in many tropical countries.
Tropical Race 4 (TR4) is a global threat to banana production. This strain of the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense fungus is capable of affecting and destroying practically all the world’s export banana plantations. The threat is reminiscent of the devastating Panama disease epidemic that almost ruined commercial banana production in the previous century, which could only be stopped by switching to the cultivation of the Cavendish variety. Now Cavendish bananas are under threat from TR4 and there is no resistant variety available to replace Cavendish. Moreover, it is impossible to control the fungus once it has entered the plant. As a result it is crucial to be able to detect an outbreak of TR4 at the earliest possible stage in order to remove infected plants from the plantation, destroy them and prevent the fungus from spreading.
Scientist Gert Kema from Plant Research International (part of the Plant Sciences Group) says that the new method saves a great deal of time. “Until now, testing for the presence of TR4 took over four months. Within that period the fungus continued to grow and spread within the plantations. Now we can determine its presence within one day, even before symptoms of the disease are visible. This is a major breakthrough as bananas are a globally important food crop.”
The main reason that the existing method takes so long is that the test always required the fungus to be cultivated and genetically analysed. |
Stem of banana plant infected by Tropical Race 4 of Fusarium oxisporum f.sp. cubense, the fungus that causes Panama disease . |
The new diagnostic applies a sensitive and fast technique that allows plant material to be tested for the presence of TR4 DNA and show results within one day. Appropriate measures can be immediately taken should TR4 be detected.
The technology was developed and published within one year and can be applied without specific patent costs. The test can be used to detect the presence of the fungus in practical samples such as banana plants and soil quickly and on a large scale. Due to the magnitude of the threat, it is illegal to transport contaminated material within and between countries that cultivate bananas. Kema: “Due to the quarantine status of the Fusarium in banana-producing countries, Wageningen is the ideal location for assisting in the global monitoring of TR4. With this in mind we are currently implementing various initiatives that will allow us to provide this service.”